各国学前教育模式一览(3)

私立学校

[9]私立学校由政府以外的组织或人员提供资金支持，例如宗教机构。通过经典条件反射，教会学校可以强化父母可能希望子女具有的某些价值观。然而，这种经典条件反射也可能造成不利影响。例如，如果孩子在天主教学校有过不愉快的经历，之后再见到修女或十字架可能会引发他（她）的不适感。

[10] Overall, both religious and independent private schools are able to be selective in their admissions processes,and are usually characterized by smaller class sizes and more individual attention for each student. Because most rely on tuition paid by a child’s family, some private schools may promote a student to the next grade even if the student is not prepared, to keep a family satisf i ed so they continue to pay could lead to diff i culty in a child’s education in his or her future if he or she does not have a solid foundation of knowledge upon which to advance.

[10]总的来说，教会学校和独立的私立学校在招生过程中都有选择性，这些学校的特征是班级规模较小，学生获得的个人关注更多。由于大部分私立学校的学费是孩子的家庭支付，因此即使有时学生还不具备条件，学校也可能会让学生升入下一年级，好让家长满意，从而愿意继续支付学费。如果学生没有扎实的知识基础，这样做可能会导致孩子在未来的学习过程中遇到困难。

Montessori Schools

蒙特梭利学校

[11] Montessori schools are a type of private school based on the theories of Italian educator Maria theories reflect Piaget’s description of the child as scientist. Montessori classrooms are full of different stations and materials designed to be stimulating for students to encourage their motivation to learn. Students at Montessori schools are left to explore their classrooms individually, with the assumption that they will learn naturally through their own sensorimotor to the complete individualization of the learning process, children are grouped not by age but by cognitive level. This fl exible system removes the pressure to advance quickly that is on children in traditional schools. Supporting Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Learning Theory, children work closely with classmates of different ages. Younger classmates can learn from older ones,and older classmates can mature by helping their younger peers. This aids not only their learning and cognitive development, but also their social development. However, because there is little traditional classroom teaching in most Montessori schools, students may receive intermittent14 intermittent间歇的，断断续续的。 reinforcement from their teachers, which could hinder their learning and development.

[11]蒙特梭利学校是基于意大利教育家玛丽亚·蒙特梭利的理论创办的一类私立学校。这些理论同样也反映了皮亚杰关于儿童是小科学家的描述。蒙特梭利学校的教室里有不同的功能分区和各种各样的材料，这样设计旨在激发学生的学习动力。蒙特梭利学校的学生可以独立探索他们的教室，认为他们将通过自己的感觉运动经验自然地进行学习。由于学习过程是完全个体化的，因此根据学生的认知水平而非年龄进行分组。这个系统非常灵活，消除了儿童在传统学校中要迅速取得进步的压力。蒙特梭利学校这样的办学模式符合维果斯基的社会文化学习理论，孩子们与不同年龄段的同学密切合作。年纪较小的孩子可以向较大的孩子学习，而后者可以通过帮助小同学而成长。这样不仅可以帮助孩子们在学习和认知能力上得到发展，而且也有利于其社交能力的发展。然而，由于大多数蒙特梭利学校几乎没有传统的课堂教学，因此学生只能间断地从老师那里得到知识强化，这可能会有碍于他们的学习和发展。

Waldorf Schools

华德福学校

[12] Another type of non-traditional private school is the Waldorf to Montessori schools, Waldorf schools follow Piaget’s theory that the child is a scientist, and should be surrounded by a stimulating and inspiring school environment to facilitate learning. Hands-on15 hands-on（经历或工作）亲身实践的，实际操作的。 learning is enabled in Waldorf schools through curriculums full of art, gardening, dance, and other less traditional classes that supplement academic ones. In early childhood, children are exposed to16 be exposed to使受……的影响（或熏陶），使接触。 letters and books,but not required to start reading until the second or third grade.

[12]另一类非传统的私立学校是华德福学校。与蒙特梭利学校类似，华德福学校也遵循皮亚杰关于儿童是小科学家的理论，认为儿童应该在充满趣味、催人奋进的校园环境中学习。华德福学校通过设置艺术、园艺、舞蹈和其他不太传统的课程对学术科目进行补充，使实践学习成为可能。在华德福学校，孩子们在幼儿时期就可以接触到文字和图书，但直到二三年级才开始有阅读要求。

文章来源：《数学的实践与认识》 网址: http://www.sxdsjyrs.cn/qikandaodu/2021/0727/682.html